Saturday, December 31, 2011

China Ming Yang Wind Power Group's CEO Discuses Q3 2011 Results - Earnings Call Transcript

Executives

Calvin Lau - Director - IR

Chuanwei Zhang - Chairman, CEO

Manfred Loong - CFO

Analysts

Yan Gee - Mizuho Securities

Eva Hou - Morgan Stanley

Jun Li - ICBC International

China Ming Yang Wind Power Group Limited (MY) Q3 2011 Earnings Conference Call November 10, 2011 8:00 AM ET

Operator

Good morning and good evening, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the Third Quarter 2011 Ming Yang Wind Power Group Limited Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in listen only mode. With us today are Mr. Chuanwei Zhang; Chairman and CEO, Mr. Manfred Loong, CFO; and Mr. Calvin Lau, Director of Investor Relations.

After management's prepared remarks, there will be a question and answer session. This conference call contains forward looking statements. These statements constitute forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 21(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As amended and as defined in the US Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

These forward looking statements can be identified by terminology such as will, expect, anticipates, future, intends, plans, believes, estimates, targets, goals, strategy and similar statements.

Such statements are based upon management's current expectations and current market in operation conditioning and relate to events that involve known and unknown risk and uncertainties or other factors, all of which are difficult to predict, and many of which are beyond Ming Yang's control, which may cause Ming Yang's actual results performance or achievements to differ materially from those in forward looking statements.

Future information regarding these risks and other risks and uncertainties or factors is included in Ming Yang's filings with the US Securities and Exchange Commission. Ming Yang does not undertake any obligation to update any forward looking statements as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise except as required under applicable law.

I would now like to turn the call over to Calvin Lau, Director of Investor Relations. Mr. Lau, please proceed.

Calvin Lau

Thank you, operator and thank you for joining us today. We have issued our Third Quarter 2011 Earnings release just now. I hope you have a chance to actually review it. The presentation used for this call is also available on our website. We welcome you to ask questions later on.

In today's call, Mr. Zhang will discuss the latest business and operational developments of Ming Yang. And Mr. Loong will walk you through the Company's financial performance for the quarter. And then, Mr. Loong will brief you on the company's outlook and guidance. After that, we will open the floor to questions from the audience. I'd like to now turn the call over to Mr. Zhang. Please proceed.

Chuanwei Zhang

(interpreted) Ladies and gentlemen, good morning and good evening, everyone. I am Chuanwei Zhang, Chairman and CEO of China Ming Yang Wind Power Group Limited. Thank you for joining us in our results announcement for the Third Quarter of 2011. And I also want to thank you for your great support.

I'd like to take this opportunity to share some thoughts on the current situation of China's wind power industry. After that, I'd like to talk about what Ming Yang has achieved and the steps ahead we're going to take under such circumstances.

Looking at the industry, on the whole, we can see that the Chinese government's very determined to wind power development. China has very stable wind power policies and very specific goals. Meanwhile, we can see that the wind industry has entered into a period of restructuring.

The symbol of the industry restructuring is that the focus changed from speed and size to quality and efficiency. From quantitative to qualitative. Meanwhile, China is very determined to maintain the growth of the industry, as well as its size. And we strongly believe that the China government, which shows support by policy and China would continue its role of a leader in the global wind industry.

In China's government 12th-five year plan is that we need to reach the 100 gigawatt goal. And during the five years from 2011 to the first half of 2013, the wind industry is going to experience further integration and transformation. And we believe that during that period, the industry growth rates will be 15 to 18 gigawatts per annum.

And for the rest three years, the growth rates will exceed 25 gigawatts per annum. Only by doing -- only by doing so that we can realize the goals put forward by the Chinese government, as well as China?s promise to the world that non fossil fuel energy consumption will reach 15% of all energy consumption.

In order to fully implement this initiative, China's government has setup standards for the wind turbine, as well as wind farms, tariff stabilizing mechanism. And also, China plans to build a couple of regional carbon trading platforms in areas such as northern China, eastern China, and southern China, as well as west, north.

And in this way, China can go CDM exchange platform so that China can maximize capital resources to boost China's wind power growth. Meanwhile, to ensure the successful transformation of the wind power industry from speed and size to quality and efficiency.

We can see that the Chinese government has taken -- implemented two initiatives to ensure the successful growth of China's wind industry, first of all, continued support in the areas with rich wind resources, such as areas in the northwest, and continued effort on building grid transmission network.

Meanwhile, it also continues strategy development in the coastal areas. And as well as offshore wind project. We can see that in the next five years with these two large scale initiatives, China's wind industry would have a large scale of development and China will also implement this initiative systemically.

In the next two years, China's wind power industry structure will include the development of offshore wind power, including in Yunan area, as well as distributed energy and solar and the wind energy storage.

In the rest three years, the focus was switch to the grid connection project in Northwest, Northeast and seven -- the north part in China in -- and especially the development of big wind base, and as well as offshore wind projects and distributed energy, so that we can achieve the goal of 100 gigawatts by 2015. And that also brings big market opportunities. And Ming Yang will utilize its overall advantages such as technology, new innovative business model to seize the opportunities.

Just now I shared some thoughts on the industry development, the market, and the market opportunities. Now I'd like to talk about management in the past nine months, especially in the third quarter. What we have done to ensure our share and profit in development.

The annual goal for this year is to first, recognize revenue of 1.5 to 2 gigawatt, and to increase our market share to more than 10%. In order to achieve those goals, our tactics are implement innovative business model, and to increase our market share.

Our innovative business model, in fact, is a combination and integration of the capital finance, product technology, service, engineering, operating, as well as management. And this year, competition is getting fiercer. And we have price war, we have fewer projects, but with our successful innovative business model, we can see that our business model value is highlighted. And this year, more than 60% of our orders are from our EPC and BOT business model.

With our innovative business model, we have built our client's loyalty. Among our five biggest partners, the top five power producers are repeated customers of Ming Yang. And since they're facing more difficult environment and it gets more and more challenging to develop their projects, we provide wind resources, finance leasing, and our innovative business model, we greatly help them to foster the development of their projects.

Now Ming Yang's become the turbine supplier for Huadian, Huaneng and Datang. And we also support the major operators in China, that is Southern Grid, Three Gorges New Energy and we also helped to provide services to some regional developers by -- so that we increase our customer base and also increase the market share, as well as optimize our client's structure.

This year, our increase of market share, as well as numbers of orders, is a symbol of our successful innovative business model. And in the future, I believe our business model will be our core competitiveness.

The second topic I'd like to talk about is how to maintain our profit. As I know that the industry, especially our investors, pay a lot of attention to the declining turbine prices. And I can tell you that ever since June this year, I can see that the turbine prices started to increase -- to recover. And under such circumstance, MingYang insists on its quality first principle, and continue our cost reduction, and also, strive to maintain our profit, which is a basic concept behind our management.

The turbine prices has declined by 24%. However, we meant to reduce our costs by technology, financing, operations, etcetera. We manage to offset the decreasing turbine prices, so that we're confident that we can maintain our broad profit margins, and also, reach the comprehensive annual gross margin of 18%.

In terms of cost reduction by means of technology, we focus a lot on customization. This year, we manage to reduce our costs by 6% year over year by means of technology.

In terms of reducing costs by quality, we try our best to -- we focus a lot on quality management. And we avoid any kind of quality issue, so that we manage to reduce our costs. And as recognized by the whole industries, Ming Yang's products are among the best -- among the most cost effective and the best quality. This is because we remain pru -- we always stay prudent and active -- implement active quality control. And we have bought quality insurance, which is more than 20 million RMB.

This year, big banks including ICBC and construction bank have granted us credit facilities worth $15 billion RMB. And with that, we make full use of the financial tools we have obtained to decrease the cost of financing. And we have integrated the line of selling, payments, et cetera. And we manage to implement successfully our cost management and quality management.

In terms of cost of financing, we managed to stay at 3%. However, our peers? are 5%. And that's our success, because we've made full use of our financial tools, that includes finance leasing And this year, our collection of receivables have achieved 57%.

We also manage proactive operating cost management. And we intend to maintain our operating costs for this year within 8%.

We will continue to promote our industrialization and large scale development of our SCD series. This year, we made greater efforts in the production of our SCDs. And we have both systems of testing and product from October this year, we basically finished the production of small batch SCD products, that 2.5 megawatts, 2.75 megawatts and 3 megawatts SCD.

We have realized the self-supply production of our SCD blades, including the 100 meter blades and 110 meter blades, as well as gear boxes, generators, and electric control systems.

SCD in Rudong has finished -- has passed its 240 hour test. And in Xinjiang, our first pilot program over there will finish installations by the end of this year and in Hebei test wind base. Our 3 megawatts SCD will go through LBRT test and --

We have already finished the designing of our 3.5 megawatts SCD, as well as 6.5 megawatt SCD. We have produced various kinds of wind turbines that is catering to low wind speed area.

By innovative production development, Ming Yang has become -- has attained the most complete production line. And we are -- we have the highest self supply ratio among the industry.

Meanwhile, we also achieved a certain success in our overseas markets, offshore markets, and the integration of high end industry supply chain. In terms of the overseas markets, we have made our efforts in new economies such as South Africa, Bulgaria, and India. And we expect to win orders by the end of this year.

As for our offshore wind market, I'm very pleased to report to you that the first commercial offshore wind market -- wind project in Guangdong Zhanjiang has started construction. The size of this wind project is 50 megawatts. And I believe by the end of this year, our 3 megawatt SCD will finish installation.

Meanwhile, we also have cooperation with the Southern Grid and Yudean Group. And we -- the size of the project is 600 megawatts. And we expect to start at the cooperation and construction next year.

In terms of high end industry supply chain, we also have good results. We've managed to support the industry chain by using rare earth and carbon fiber.

What I just talked about is that our management in the past nine months, especially in the third quarter, strives to maintain our strong growth. Given such typical business environment, and the industry restructuring period, I'm very happy about our work.

The third topic I'd like to talk about is the implementation and Ming Yang's strategy to become a market leader. And I'd like to say that we should take this industry difficulties, but to look at it as an opportunity.

Investors, analysts, I know you may have heard from the media that our peers in China are dealing with problems that in the past three to five years. And that is the quality issues, operation issues, R&D issues, and business models as they implement extensive development. However, we already laid solid foundation in those areas.

From Ming Yang's perspective, this industry restructuring is actually a strategic opportunity for Ming Yang. We would like to take this opportunity and become the market leader.

And now I'll stress that in the fourth quarter of this year and next year 2012 will be the most difficult time of China's wind power industry. And there are five strategies that Ming Yang would implement.

First of all, we would continue to promote innovative R&D and to make SCD the driver of our strong growth. We will strive to realize our overall advantages by providing various kinds of wind turbine catering to different weather conditions and various wind resources, including onshore, offshore, low temperature, high temperature, low speeds, high plateau, etcetera.

I believe in 2012, our sales of our SCD generators would pick up more than 30% of our sales. By that, we are confident that we will reach revenue recognition of 1000 megawatts.

With the cost advantage of our SCDs, we are very confident that we will achieve steady gross profit margins. And when the SCD product started to go into operation, are confident that Ming Yang's gross profit margin will exceed 18%

Well, we believe that by making investments and making good use of the advantages of our SCD, we will turn its potential into our advantages.

Our second strategy is to speed up our offshore wind projects. And we are going to make our wind turbines design more mature and by engineer projects locking more wind resources and by conducting pilot projects.

By the end of 2012, we'll start three to five offshore wind projects with a size more than 1 gigawatt. In terms of the numbers of the wind project, there will be three in Guangdong, one in Jiangsu, and one in Hainan.

By 2012, our revenue recognition of offshore wind projects will be no less than 100 megawatts and also become a successful comprehensive service provider on total solutions.

Our third strategy is to continue to promote our innovative business model. In the coming 20 months, by continuing our innovative business model, that is EPC and BOC model, we will integrate our financial resources, capital resources, and government support to increase our market share, maintain our gross profit and to realize our core operating capabilities. By 2012, we plan to realize 20% on profits from providing service.

The fourth strategy is to continue to implement our overseas strategy. We'll make good use of the $5 billion credit facilities granted by CDB. And secondly, by the advantages of our innovative technology, capital, human capital, and products. We will implement our overseas expansion in a steady and healthy manner, and by 2012 we strive to achieve 15% to 20% of our total revenue from the overseas market orders.

I'm very happy to report to you that we've already set up a team working together with CDB on the use of the credit facility. And our talks are based on the projects we have in China and also in overseas markets and our talks are mainly on how to apply our innovative business model and how to use the capital. I believe by the end of 2011, and we would start to use part of the credits just in case, provided by TCB.

Our sixth strategy is to increase the usage of new materials such as rare earth, carbon fiber, and also strengthen our production of generators, gearboxes, blades, and electric control systems. And we will use the next two to three years to build big growth poles that worth ten billion RMB.

And you know, we secured rare earth supply in Jiangsu Ganzhou. And meanwhile, we're in talks with international companies on the production of carbon fiber. And internally, we are thinking how to increase our usage of carbon fiber on the blades of offshore wind turbines.

And so much for my talk in terms of industrial advances and management for the past nine months, especially third quarter and strategies that we are going to implement in the future.

Now, that concludes my prepared remarks. I'd like to give the floor to our CFO, Manfred Loong.

Manfred Loong

Thanks, chairman. Good morning or good evening, everyone. First of all, I would like to highlight our accomplishments in a few key areas during the quarter. We saw a solid year-over-year increase in revenues amid challenging macro and industry environments. We also saw benefits from our cost reduction initiatives that we have put in place so far this year. And we were able to maintain a healthy cash position.

As I walk through our key financials, I will be focusing on year-over-year comparisons while I will provide some revenue and cost reduction comparisons from a year-to-date perspective. Revenue for the third quarter of 2011 was RMB1,904.8 million, a year-over-year increase of 28.2%, primarily reflected the number of turbines commissioned and equivalent of total power output of 555 megawatts, or 370 units of 1.5 megawatt turbines.

Revenue for the first three quarters, up by 23.7% to RMB4.7 billion, driven by strong demand for our differentiated products. These numbers compare favorably with a few key players in the wind turbine manufacturing space amid a challenging environment as a result of Ming Yang's initiatives and efforts.

Gross profit for the third quarter of 2011 was RMB305.6 million, up 22.9% year-over-year. Gross profit for the first three quarters, up by 32.3% to RMB934.6 million. Gross margin for the quarter was 16%, compared with 16.7% in the third quarter in 2010. This slight change was due to a year-over-year decrease of 17.2% in unit selling price of turbines in respective period, offset by our continuous cost reduction efforts.

Although the gross margin on customer contracts may vary, however, we have insisted on using quality components across the board due to our focus on quality. Our cost reduction efforts have allowed us to continue to be a cost leader, and we managed to lower our costs down to largely offset the price pressure. We're pleased that our gross margin for the first nine months of 2011 is maintained at 19.9% level.

Operating expense as a percentage to revenue was 8.8%. If we excludes share-based compensation charges of RMB28.4 million and provision against trade receivables of RMB28.7 million, operating expense as a percentage to revenue stands at 5.8%, compared to 5.5% for the corresponding period of 2010. There were no share-based compensation charges booked in the third quarter of 2010, and this is the first time that we booked trade receivable provision.

Profit for the period was RMB102.7 million, compared with RMB177.4 million in the same period in 2010. Basic and diluted earnings per ordinary share were RMB0.82, compared to RBM1.70 for the corresponding period in 2010.

And finally, our cash position. Cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2011 was RMB1,423.7 million, or $223.2 million equivalent, compared with RMB2,486.0 million as of December 31, 2010. The change in cash and cash equivalents is primarily due to change in working capital.

As you may be well aware, we sign strategic cooperation agreements with China Development Bank, including $5 billion worth of potential financing. This will provide more flexibility and enable us to accelerate growth, both domestically and internationally. On an ongoing basis, we'll continue to closely monitor and manage our cost.

This concludes the financial reporting session, and I would now turn the call back to Calvin.

Calvin Lau

Thank you, Manfred. We will now open the floor for questions. Please limit your questions to two per person. Thank you. For the benefit of our English speaking participants, please make sure your questions are in English only. Operator, please open the call to Q&A now.

Question-and-Answer Session

Operator

Operator Instructions). And you have a question from the line of Echo He of Maxim Group.

Calvin Lau

Hello, Echo. It's Calvin here. Are you there?

Operator

Operator Instructions). You have a question from the line of Yan Gee of Mizuho Securities.

Yan Gee

Hello?

Calvin Lau

Hi, Yan.

Yan Gee

Hi. Can you hear me?

Calvin Lau

Yes, go ahead.

Yan Gee

(spoken in Chinese) So my first question is about could you please talk about the remaining issues going forward on grid access? And maybe talk about some risks possibly pose to your full year guidance.

Chuanwei Zhang

(interpreted) This is no longer a new issue, but first of all I'd like to make it clear that all the products that Ming Yang delivers has no grid issue. All of them are grid connected and have went into operation, and that's what sets us different from our peers.

In China we had a concession project, but that didn't have any standard for grid access. That is also why we had this grid access problem. But, as I mentioned earlier, one year ago China has already started to build a transition network and we have seen some improvements such as an area at Gansu.

And for your second question, I think national evaluation is a good thing for the overall wind industry development as well as the grid access because we can make sure -- because it can provide assurance that all of the turbine makers can make the standard and also to further their development. And it also ensures that China's wind power industry will embark on a healthy and steady growth path.

Yan Gee

(inaudible - spoken in Chinese) So my follow-up question is on maybe processing review time for the grid operator to approve your grid access application. Do you see the processing time possibly is prolonged, or is longer than the beginning of the year? Or maybe there's the variability on that?

Chuanwei Zhang

(interpreted) I think your question refers to the grid accident that happened twice in Jiuquan in this April to September, and this involves the grid access evaluation process, also a measure to foster a safe grid. And I think by this measure they want to ensure the transmission, especially in the Northern area in China.

And as for how long does it take to pass the evaluation process, well, I don't think it's going to increase the time amounts for big wind projects; however, for smaller projects I think it's just normal to go through the evaluation process.

Yan Gee

(inaudible - spoken in Chinese) Okay. So my second question is about the cost reduction potential. So as commodity prices coming down, like copper and steel, and also there is potentially an oversupply on key components, and so maybe you can talk about your cost target for 2011 and possibly 2012. Thanks.

Chuanwei Zhang

(interpreted) It's a good thing that price has started to recover and I also see that demand is declining, so the turbine prices might decrease again. And given such difficult financial environment and the concentration of orders, it makes -- the turbine makers? life very difficult and their demand for components has declined.

In Ming Yang's case, we will continue to reduce our costs with our advantages in technology and better customization of our products, which has settled in a leading position in this industry because we have in-house R&D.

And the selling price of our 1.5 megawatts generators, excluding VAT, will be RMB2,700/kW, but we will strive to achieve 2,600. And for our SCD products, we strive to achieve 2,500. And for SCD products, including VAT, which we strive to realize between the range of 4,000 to 4,100/kW.

Yan Gee

(inaudible - spoken in Chinese) (interpreted)

The 2,600, yes, for a 1.5 megawatts, you just mentioned. Is that for 2011?

Manfred Loong

In truth -- this is Manfred. Hi, how are you doing?

Yan Gee

Good.

Manfred Loong

The costs that we mentioned is really the production cost going forward. If you look at our Q3, we already cut the costs that we reported, the 2,800, give or take. And if you take away their cost of warranty, then it's already at 2,700. So moving forward into 2012 with the manufacturing costs coming off the assembly line, probably it's about 2,700. We are hopeful that we will go to 2,600 production cost-wise in the year 2012. Hope that answers your question.

Yan Gee

Yes, that's great color. So maybe my last question is, if I may, is on ASP. So including 17% of VAT, it seems like based on my calculation your ASP is still as high as RMB4,100 per kilowatt. So that imply a significant gap to the current market price, and so maybe you can talk about when do you expect the market price flow through your P&L.

Manfred Loong

Our current price has got a very good mixture of the older projects and the newer projects. The newer projects, meaning the projects that were assigned in 2010 and onward. But as we speak, I probably can't give you a hint into the current signing price, which is somewhere between RMB3,600 per kilowatt to RMB3,800 per kilowatt, including VAT.

So, moving forward, as the Chairman already said, that a trend of better ASP on contract signing and we will continue to push down our costs. So I think we feel very confident that we'll be maintaining a good margin on an annual basis.

And in addition to that, the Chairman has mentioned that there will be, going forward, we would try to have a better balance, a good balance in terms of SCD and which is 3 megawatts primarily and remaining the 1.5 megawatts going forward. So with that, then we will be -- for that margin would be very achievable target for us.

Yan Gee

Okay, that's great color. I'll hop back in queue. Thanks.

Manfred Loong

Thank you.

Operator

(Operator Instructions). And you have a question from the line of Eva Hou of Morgan Stanley.

Eva Hou

Hi. Thanks for taking my questions. I have four questions. The first one is what is management guidance --. Hello?

Operator

Hello.

Calvin Lau

Hi, Eva. How are you?

Eva Hou

Thanks for taking my questions. I have four questions. The first one is what is management's guidance on the order delivery in 2012? My second question is we understand that Ming Yang has 85 units SCD orders on hand. Would management please provide the detailed delivery schedule for those SCD orders?

My third question is we noticed that the new order in Q3 was 295.5 megawatts. Was the order intake lower than expected? My final question is that the chairman just mentioned that Ming Yang will extend the value chain to some new materials such as rare earth and some other key components. We wonder, will Ming Yang prepare the CapEx or the chairman?s private company will invest? Thank you.

(spoken in Chinese).

Chuanwei Zhang

Okay. (interpreted) We are very optimistic about the sales in 2012. It is expected that by 2012 our market share will be in the range of 15% to 17%. To be more specific, we will reach revenue recognition of 2.5 to 3 gigawatts and annual growth rate of more than 30%, and especially in offshore wind market and overseas market.

I believe that in 4Q this year our orders will cover our revenue recognition plan for the 2012. And for the delivery of our SCD product, we are delivering turbines to Dabancheng, Zhanjiang 15 megawatts wind project and then we will start to deliver SCD to Hebei, Hami, Yangjiang and Zhanjiang?s offshore market.

And recently, we also win some new orders of our SCD products, which will be delivered in 2012. That's why I said that I'm very confident that SCD products will reach 30% of our revenue recognition in 2012.

I'm very satisfied with our new orders in the third quarter. Actually, our orders won in the fourth quarter, is better than expected. That's why I'm so sure that our market share will increase dramatically in future -- in 2012. And also, the revenue recognition targets for the 2012 will be realized.

Your question regarding the high end industry chain, we will work on that by means of joint venture with overseas companies and we will continue to, by means of our innovative business model, since it is our growth pole, so Ming Yang's investment in it won't be big, but it definitely shows great potential for growth.

Operator

And at this time, there are no further questions in queue, so I would like to hand the call back over to Mr. Calvin Lau, Director of Investor Relations, for closing remarks.

Calvin Lau

Okay. Thank you, operator. Thank you for joining us for Ming Yang's third quarter 2011 earnings call.

Chuanwei Zhang

(inaudible - spoken in Chinese).

Calvin Lau

If anybody else would actually like to ask any further questions, please do so now.

Operator

(Operator Instructions). And you have a question from the line of [Jun Li] of ICBC International.

Jun Li

Can you hear me?

Calvin Lau

Yes, Jun, we can hear you now. Please go ahead.

Jun Li

Okay. I have two questions. The first question is what percentage of the overseas project and the offshore projects in your order backlog currently? And the next question is what's the percentage of the revenue comes from the financial service you have mentioned, because you have managing 60% of WTG has come from the financial model -- new business model? (spoken in Chinese)?

Chuanwei Zhang

(interpreted) As for our offshore wind projects that cover Zhanjiang, Yudean Group. It was China's first offshore commercial wind project and our first wind turbine started installation and there will be 16 more. We have signed contracts with Yudean and Southern Grid. That's worth 300 megawatts each and delivery will be realized in 2012.

And as for our overseas market, we haven't signed any contracts -- we haven't win any orders yet. What we are doing is basically EPC.

Actually, in South Africa we have won orders of 150 megawatts from South Africa market, but we haven't signed any contracts yet. And in Bulgaria market, we have EPC. And by the end of this year, we will deliver the first batch and in 2012 we would start to deliver 125 megawatts. And also, we are in talks with companies in Australia and India, but no contract has signed yet.

Our revenue realized from finance leasing takes up about 57% in the past nine months. And the combination of the innovative business model and finance leasing, the orders that we have won from this combination have increased in the past nine months and we expect that it would continue to increase in the fourth quarter. And basically, this combination will show more through our net value in 2012 and especially in the overseas market.

Manfred Loong

Just one supplemental clarification. The 57% was referred to throughout the year so far and we're able to collect with financial instruments. And the orders signed using the enhancement of financial capability is about 15% to 20% so far for the nine months. And Q4, there would be -- we are expecting more to be using that leverage.

And overseas, this particular combination of financing as well as the EPC new business model has proven to be very effective.

Jun Li

(inaudible - spoken in Chinese) (translated) Among the 300 megawatts projects with Yudean and Southern Grid, how much of that is signed? As I noticed from your disclosure that the SCD orders signed falls in the range of 250 to 260 megawatts.

Chuanwei Zhang

(inaudible - spoken in Chinese).

Jun Li

(inaudible - spoken in Chinese).

Manfred Loong

So the question has to do with how much of the contracts is in the order and how much contracts not in our backlog yet. So the generic answer here is we have different projects going on with the Guangdong customer and of which 50 megawatts is already in our contract signed. The rest of them are really -- still already engaged, but the actual contract is to be signed. So it's just for everyone who's on the call.

Jun Li

Thanks. My questioning is done. (spoken in Chinese).

Chuanwei Zhang

(inaudible - spoken in Chinese).

Jun Li

(inaudible - spoken in Chinese).

Operator

And you have a question from the line of Yan Gee of Mizuho Securities.

Yan Gee

Hi, can you hear me?

Calvin Lau

Yes.

Yan Gee

Okay. I'll be really quick. This question is for Manfred. So, how many -- if I remember correctly, you authorized a $50 million buyback program, and so how many shares did you buy back in 3Q and how much remaining capital under the buyback program?

Manfred Loong

Yes, okay. We can only talk to the numbers as of September 30, okay? As of September 30, our total accumulated shares through share repurchase program is 1.44 million shares. As we speak right now, as we shared previously, the board has approved us to utilize up to the maximum on no more than $50 million for the share repurchase program. So we can initiate that at any time that we deem -- or change that share repurchase scale as we deem necessary.

Yan Gee

Okay. So, can we possibly expect some buyback during 4Q and maybe coming quarters?

Manfred Loong

We have not determined the exact approach for the 4Q and the coming quarters. This is yet to be reviewed and to discuss with the board.

Yan Gee

Okay, great.

Manfred Loong

All right, thank you.

Operator

At this time, there are no further questions in queue, so I'd like to hand the call back over to Mr. Calvin Lau, Director of Investor Relations, for closing remarks.

Calvin Lau

Thank you, operator. Thanks, everybody, for joining us today and tonight for Ming Yang's third quarter 2011 earnings call. Please feel free to call either me or my team with additional questions and we'd be more than happy to answer them. Thank you and have a good day.

Operator

Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes our presentation. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect. Have a great day.

Editor: Portions of this transcript that are marked (interpreted) were spoken by an interpreter present on the live call. The interpreter was provided by the Company sponsoring this Event.

Source: http://seekingalpha.com/article/316414-china-ming-yang-wind-power-group-s-ceo-discuses-q3-2011-results-earnings-call-transcript?source=feed

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By Kari Huus, msnbc.com.

Parents pursuing justice for the suicide death of their 15-year-old daughter in Massachusetts settled with the school district for $225,000, newly released court documents say. The documents were unsealed after a Slate reporter pursued the matter in court.

The report marks an end to legal proceedings in the case of Phoebe Prince, who hung herself after months of persistent bullying by other students. Prince's case captured headlines not only in the United States but dominated front pages in Ireland, which was her home until Fall 2009. Like other high profile bullying cases across the country, Phoebe?s death has an ongoing impact on school policies and anti-bully laws.

These cases ?have done an enormous amount to sensitize and activate the public about the issue of bullying? more than research and anything else that has got people thinking about the issue,? said Amanda Nickerson, director of the Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention at the University at Buffalo Graduate School of Education. ?I think they have accelerated policy and action and the school and community level.?


Prince enrolled at South Hadley High School as a freshman in Fall 2009, after moving to the United States from Ireland, but quickly fell afoul of a set of girls who apparently were angry about the newcomer dating two male students. Other students, including one of the guys she dated, joined in the harassment.

Over the course of three months, Prince was verbally abused ? publicly and in Facebook posts. She was threatened with physical abuse and received hostile text messages. On the last day of her life, Jan. 14, 2010, some of her tormentors drove by in a car, called her an Irish slut, and suggested that she go kill herself. She did.

Phoebe Prince, 15, committed suicide on Jan. 14, 2010 after a period of persistent bullying at her school in Hadley, Mass.

Five students were charged with an array of felony and misdemeanor violations in connection with Prince?s suffering. They ultimately pleaded guilty to criminal harassment and were sentenced to probation and community service after their court appearances.

Prince?s parents, Anne O?Brien and Jeremy Prince, also filed a complaint with the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination in November 2010, alleging that the South Hadley Public Schools had failed to protect Prince against discrimination, the Boston Globe reported.

They withdrew the complaint after settling with the school district in Nov. 2010. A court case filed by a reporter for Slate magazine -- with backing from the ACLU -- won the right to open the court documents this week, revealing a settlement amount of $225,000 from the town of Hadley.

Holding the teens accountable in court and the city's payout may act as as deterrents for other bullies, and adults who fail to intervene. But one lawmaker on the state's education committee believes that these measures are far from adequate and wrote one of the most comprehensive anti-bullying bills in the country.

Martha Walz (D-Boston) says the legislation was under way prior to Prince?s death. But the high school student?s death -- and that of 11-year-old Carl Joseph Walker-Hoover, who killed himself in April after being persistently called ?gay? ? gave it momentum. The bill ?Dignity for Every Student? passed by a unanimous vote in May 2010.

?The two suicides allowed me to say? we have to go significantly farther than what others are doing,? said Walz.

The Massachusetts law makes anti-bullying curriculum mandatory for every student in every grade, K-12, in both public and private schools. It also requires training for every adult in the school ? including teachers, coaches, bus drivers, custodians and administrators ? on how to recognize bullying and what to do about it. It?makes it mandatory for every adult to report cases of bullying, and every report mandatory for schools to investigate.

Similar cases have prompted many state?s to draft laws ? some named specific victims ? but Nickerson says that many lean to punishment, and fail to prevent the problem, and present new ones.

?Sometimes these laws are in reaction to a tragedy. People want to do something,? she said. ?So often it leads to criminalizing and finding someone who is at fault. That?s our normal reaction ? who is to blame, who is to be responsible??

?I?m very cautious about this because we are dealing with minors, after all. And bullying is pretty prevalent ? about 30 percent are involved as a bully or as a target? Prevention and education is the answer in most cases.?

Although Massachusetts was late among the states to enact an anti-bullying law ? 46 other states have some form of anti-bullying legislation ? Walz said the timing allowed her to improve upon existing laws, many of which are largely punitive, not preventative.

?They were all about identifying what bullying is and punishing kids who are engaging in it... and they were failing.... You need to create a cultural change, so that bullying is antithetical to a school?s culture ? so it is not tolerated by teachers, and it is also not tolerated by students,? she said. ?The real key is empowering the bystanders.?

Walz said that under the new Massachusetts law reports of bullying in schools have spiked, as anticipated. But she predicted that as the definition of bullying becomes clearer to students and teachers and as prevention efforts take hold, that number should level off and decline.

?The law is intended to get at not just students who commit suicide as those who suffer day in and day out? and are deeply harmed.?

More content from msnbc.com and NBC News:

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  • ?

    Click here to follow Kari Huus on Facebook.

    Source: http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/28/9781587-bullied-girls-suicide-has-ongoing-impact

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    Friday, December 30, 2011

    Chavez discusses America's hottest export: cancer ? RT

    Hugo Chavez (AFP Photo / Juan Barreto)

    America has troops on the ready outside North Korea, has spy drones stationed to enter Iran and has God knows how many other secrets up its sleeves. What else could the US be up to? If you ask Hugo Chavez, it?s cancer.

    The creation and spreading of cancer over Latin American leaders.

    That?s what Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said on Wednesday this week while addressing troops at a military base, a speech that was televised across the country. Speaking only a day after Argentina President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner was diagnosed with the disease, Chavez suggested ? and he stressed, he only suggested ? that the toll of neighboring leaders diagnose with cancer seems almost too odd to be true. Chavez recently had a tumor removed from his pelvis and Fernandez and he join a list of Latin American figurehead with the disease that also includes Paraguay's Fernando Lugo, Brazil's Dilma Rousseff and former Brazilian leader Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva.

    ?It?s a bit difficult to explain this, to reason it, including using the law of probabilities,? said Chavez, who called the coincidence ?very, very, very strange.?

    "It would not be strange if they had developed the technology to induce cancer and nobody knew about it until now ? I don't know. I'm just reflecting," said Chavez.

    Speaking to the troops, the leftist leader and longtime opponent of American policy said that another Latin American leader, Fidel Castro, warned him years earlier of what the US is capable of. "Fidel always told me, 'Chavez take care. These people have developed technology. You are very careless. Take care what you eat, what they give you to eat ? a little needle and they inject you with I don't know what,?? insisted Chavez.

    Not included on the checklist of Latin American leaders with cancer is Bolivian President Evo Morales, but Chavez warned him Wednesday that he could be next. Don?t worry, though. Chavez says he?s got his back.

    "We'll have to take good care of Evo. Take care Evo!" said Venezuela?s president.

    Also sparred ? so far ? is Ecuador?s Rafael Correa.

    ?Evo take care of yourself, Correa, be careful, we just don?t know,? added Chavez.

    Source: http://rt.com/usa/news/chavez-cancer-care-troops-867/

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    nfldraftscout: David Ash makes me want to hurt a baby. How is this the starting quarterback at Texas? Applewhite-Young-McCoy-Ash? No thanks

    Twitter / Matt Miller: David Ash makes me want to ... Loader David Ash makes me want to hurt a baby. How is this the starting quarterback at Texas? Applewhite-Young-McCoy-Ash? No thanks

    Source: http://twitter.com/nfldraftscout/statuses/152219212910301185

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    Thursday, December 29, 2011

    taglife: #Delicious ? #?? #?? ?...??? #Yahoo! ????????? #Bio ? #??? ?? #?? ? #Stack ???v6?????? #?? ??? #Twitter ??-..-

    Identi.ca is a microblogging service brought to you by Status.net. It runs the StatusNet microblogging software, version 1.0.1, available under the GNU Affero General Public License.

    Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 All Identi.ca content and data are available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license.

    Switch to mobile site layout.

    Source: http://identi.ca/notice/87706370

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    Wednesday, December 28, 2011

    UFC 141: Yahoo! Sports and Heavy present Fight Day live

    The UFC's only official pre-fight show returns when Fight Day comes to you live from the MGM Grand Garden Arena, the host of Saturday's UFC 141 event. Hosts Dave Farra and Megan Olivi will guide you through the latest news of the week. Top MMA journalists will help Farra break down all of the action from UFC 141, including the huge main event between Brock Lesnar and Alistair Overeem. UFC stars will also stop by the Fight Day set for exclusive interviews. Tune in at 6 p.m. ET!

    Source: http://sports.yahoo.com/mma/blog/cagewriter/post/UFC-141-Yahoo-Sports-and-Heavy-present-Fight-D?urn=mma-wp11179

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    Carcinogens Found in Chinese Milk

    BEIJING?China Mengniu Dairy Co., China's largest dairy company by sales, said it destroyed milk products found to be contaminated with carcinogens, in the latest scare for the country's scandal-hit dairy industry.

    The Inner Mongolia-based dairy producer said on its website Sunday that it destroyed hazardous products at a plant in China's southwestern Sichuan province after government safety inspectors found milk that contained the chemical aflatoxin, a cancer-causing toxin.

    "Mengniu would like to express our sincere ...

    BEIJING?China Mengniu Dairy Co., China's largest dairy company by sales, said it destroyed milk products found to be contaminated with carcinogens, in the latest scare for the country's scandal-hit dairy industry.

    The Inner Mongolia-based dairy producer said on its website Sunday that it destroyed hazardous products at a plant in China's southwestern Sichuan province after government safety inspectors found milk that contained the chemical aflatoxin, a cancer-causing toxin.

    "Mengniu would like to express our sincere ...

    Source: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203391104577121743497761720.html?mod=rss_about_china

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    Tuesday, December 27, 2011

    2 only (Taken with Instagram at Union Station Track 13)

    Sorry, Readability was unable to parse this page for content.

    Source: http://hermannaudrey.tumblr.com/post/14754232009

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    National Audubon Society Engages With Birders on Facebook

    Think of web engagement and birds, and you're usually talking about firing them at shaky towers of pigs. But the National Audubon Society looked at two factors ? the immense popularity of ?Angry Birds? and the launch of the bird-watching-themed movie ?The Big Year? from 20th Century Fox ? and saw recruitment potential.


    That potential took concrete form in October as ?Birding the Net,? a Facebook-based game that challenged players to spot dozens of different bird species that appeared at various sites around the Internet.

    Players were asked to like Audubon's Facebook page and then head out to the Internet to ?spot? some 30 varieties of birds as they flitted across or perched inside some 100 sites, including those for AOL, Slate and The Discovery Channel. Clicking on those birds took users back to the Audubon Facebook page, where they could view the card for that species, including video and sound clips of its songs, and add the card to their collection. The game's rules were also explained on NAS's YouTube channel, which also featured bird-related interviews with the stars of ?The Big Year,? Steve Martin, Owen Wilson and Jack Black.

    The game's birds were released to the Web on a rolling schedule so that no one would collect all 30 species until Nov. 7, a few weeks after the movie's release. The first player to collect all 30 cards would win a trip for two to the Galapagos Islands; another 200 would win prizes ranging from Canon cameras and Nikon binoculars to Woolrich gift cards and free downloads of the Society's ?North American Field Guide? smartphone app.

    ?We figured this was an opportunity to get people interested in our organization who are substantially younger than our current demographic,? says Jessica Green, vice president of engagement for the NAS.

    All winners also won a year's membership in the society, and a link on the game's Facebook page allowed players to learn more about Audubon's preservation activities.

    For deeper integration, the game allowed players to pick up hints about which websites to visit when by following two ?spokesbird? Twitter accounts, @FloridaScrubJay and @RufHummingbird. They could also invite their Facebook social graph to join the game and trade cards with them, speeding the process of collecting all 30 cards.

    And true to the Society's protective mission, participants could also sign up for code that would automatically place a virtual birdhouse on their own website or blog page.

    Now that's a lot more feather-friendly than firing them from a slingshot.

    Got a Web tip to share? Contact Brian Quinton at brian.quinton@penton.com

    Source: http://chiefmarketer.com/social/national-audubon-engages-facebook-1212bq7/?imw=Y

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    Monday, December 26, 2011

    Sony Tablet S Review

    Sony Tablet S

    A lot of manufacturers venturing into the tablet market have been going for the Android OS and the Sony Tablet S we?ve picked up for a review is no exception to that trend. And why would it be? Google?s mobile platform appears to be quite popular and the fact that it provides a specific design that?s optimized for large screens seems like a viable way to present such devices. Well, the Tokyo based electronics manufacturer may have come a bit late into the slate market, but the time they?ve taken to build this 10.1-inch device has certainly awarded it a distinct look as well as feel, when compared to similar gadgets. However, the design isn?t all that?s important. So what we?re going to do here is break things down to its offerings with respect to entertainment, hardware and the derivable performance.

    Sony Tablet S 1

    The design

    When it comes to the design of the Sony Tablet S, the company has strayed off the beaten path. From the front, the device appears like any other gadget would within the same segment. However, it?s what lies beneath the display that makes the most difference. If you were to hold it in the landscape orientation and gradually flip the tablet over, the hard plastic body is smoothly curved inward just above the screen. Furthermore, it continues down towards the lower end of the device, giving it a tapering look. For a better idea, picture a magazine or any book for that matter, with a few pages folded and held in place like that.

    Sony Tablet S 2

    Not only does the tablet flaunt an elegant look, but its body is also specifically crafted out to make it incline to one side, which in return provides an efficient way of viewing videos or typing documents whilst the device rests on its back. In addition to that, 2 rubber pegs on its rear deliver a firm grip and keeps it in place on almost any type of surface. Finger grease in one of the major problems most users face whilst accessing handheld gadgets. And to worsen things, the Tablet S seems to have a penchant for smudges. Well, wiping them off consumed a lot of our time and it led us to just give up and accept the screen partially covered in smears at all times.

    Its components

    Sony Tablet S 3

    Sony may have glamorized the entire parcel, but its contents left us rather unsatisfied. Firstly, it sported a number of guides to get us familiar with everything along with a warranty card and a power adapter. These are all fine; however a USB cord and maybe earphones wouldn?t hurt at all. While moving along the side panels, we came across a 3.5mm audio jack and a special compartment that encloses a microUSB port as well as a full sized SD card slot. Moreover, the right houses volume controls and a power button which can also be used to put the device into sleep mode. There was a set of stereo speakers placed on each side too. Unlike most tablets that juice up through a USB cord, the Tablet S comes with a dedicated charging port and a special adapter. The final observable components included a front facing VGA camera along with a 5MP rear facing one.

    The hardware

    Sony Tablet S 4

    The beauty of the Sony Tablet S doesn?t only rely on its exterior. There?s some serious hardware packed under its hood. Based on its specifications sheet, the gadget employs a dual core Nvidia Tegra 2 processor and 1GB of RAM. By the looks of things, almost any application or game should run smoothly on it. For connectivity, we?ve got Bluetooth version 2.1, Wi-Fi b/g/n and DLNA support. The 9.4-inch display portrays a resolution of 1280 x 800 pixels and to compliment it is a 5000mAh Li-ion battery. With 16GB of memory built in, the available storage amounted up to around 11GB. Just so that you may know, the full sized SD slot isn?t for memory expansion. In fact, its main purpose is for file transfers. All these aforementioned components are fitted within dimensions of around 9.5? x 6.8? x 0.3? and it gives the device a total weight of around 595 grams.

    Implementation of the OS

    Sony Tablet S 5

    Owing to the Google OS?s highly customizable nature, companies can recreate the interface in any way they desire. And Sony hasn?t wasted the opportunity to take advantage of this feature by adding a little something of its own. We were presented with 6 customizable homescreens that were really convenient to browse through. However, scrolling through menus was a bit troublesome due to a slightly sluggish UI. We encountered a few lags and the transition between applications could use a little more tweaking. At times, poor implementation of the OS could lead to such problems. But it?s nothing a software update can?t handle.

    Performance and entertainment

    Sony Tablet S 6

    On unboxing the Sony Tablet S, the first thing we did was plug it into a wall socket to get the battery juiced up. Just 10 minutes into charging and we noticed that it was already heated up unusually. Even after being set at full brightness, watching movies wasn?t too much fun either, all thanks to the finger grease covering the display. However, in low light conditions, we had a splendid time viewing HD videos. And the stereo speakers located on either side only added to the entire experience. Owing to the Nvidia Tegra 2 processor put to work within this device, we spent quite some time playing games such as Riptide GP and Galaxy on Fire 2 THD, optimized specifically for this particular chipset. Unlike the slow interface, these titles ran seamlessly without any sort of interruptions. So we?re convinced it?s a software related problem. To end things, an approximate of 7 hours of activity time is what we derived from the tablet. This includes web browsing, gaming and media playback on a single charge.

    Pros:

    The remote control application is easy to setup and worked successfully on our HDTV.

    The combination of a well crafted body and a lightweight form factor has surely earned our goodwill. The design makes it convenient to hold with one hand as the rough rear surface provides a good grip.

    The two speakers make watching movies really fun through its 2-channel stereo output.

    Video clarity was stupendous and HD movies played smoothly.

    Cons:

    The rear facing camera could perform better with LED flash. Furthermore, the image and video we obtained fared poorly.

    The Wi-Fi connection drops frequently and at times, refuses to even connect.

    Our Shout

    Verdict:

    For a device hoarding the Nvidia Tegra 2 processor and 1GB of RAM, the Sony Tablet S doesn?t meet up to our full expectation. However, in spite of the few drawbacks faced, we?re sure that most of these issues are fixable. To sum it up, the design is quite inspirational and audio quality emitted through the stereo speakers are truly delightful. So based on these factors, this tablet makes one decent entertainment companion and deserves an 8 out of 10 rating.

    Source: http://www.techshout.com/reviews/2011/26/sony-tablet-s-review/

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    Sunday, December 25, 2011

    6 die in latest school bus accident in China (AP)

    BEIJING ? At least six people have been killed in the latest crash involving students in China when their overloaded van plunged off a mountain road, state media said Sunday.

    The official Xinhua News Agency said an overloaded van taking 12 students home crashed into a 195-foot (60-meter) deep valley in southwest China on Saturday. It said the eight-seat van was carrying 14 people and the other eight, including six students, were all hurt.

    The report did not give the ages of the students or the cause of the accident. Xinhua said the crash happened on a mountainous road in Yunnan province. A local government official confirmed the accident but would not give any details. A local news portal in Yunnan showed a picture of the van, with all its sides and roof crushed in.

    Badly maintained school transport has been the focus of public anger in recent weeks after a series of accidents in which children were killed on their way to and from school, leading China's safety regulator to demand immediate action to improve safety aboard frequently overloaded and badly maintained school buses.

    Earlier this month, a school bus taking primary students home slipped off a country road into an irrigation ditch in the eastern province of Jiangsu, killing 15 children. Officials later acknowledged the bus was overloaded.

    In the worst recent accident, 19 children and two adults were killed last month when a nine-seat private kindergarten van packed with 62 students crashed head-on with a truck in northwest Gansu province.

    The crashes came amid a national debate over the poor condition of Chinese school buses and chronic underfunding of public schools, particularly in rural areas, which have lagged far behind cities over the past three decades of rapid economic development.

    Road safety is also a serious problem in China, with many accidents caused by poorly maintained roads and bad driving habits.

    Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/asia/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111225/ap_on_re_as/as_china_school_bus_accident

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    Shell's Nigeria oil spill gets muted response

    Native nameJamhuriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya ?ha nke Ohaneze Na?j?r?? ?pap?? Ol?m?nira il?? N??j?r??
    Conventional long nameFederal Republic of Nigeria
    Common nameNigeria
    Image coatCoat of arms of nigeria.png
    Map caption
    National motto"Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"
    National anthem"Arise, O Compatriots"
    Official languagesEnglish
    National languagesHausa, Igbo, Yoruba
    Regional languagesEdo, Efik, Fulani, Idoma, Ijaw Kanuri
    CapitalAbuja
    Largest cityLagos
    Government typePresidential Federal republic
    Leader title1President
    Leader name1Goodluck Jonathan
    Leader title2Vice President
    Leader name2Namadi Sambo
    Area rank32nd
    Area magnitude1_E11
    Area km2923,768
    Area sq mi356,667
    Percent water1.4
    Population estimate155,215,573
    Population estimate rank7th
    Population estimate year2010
    Population density km2164.8
    Population density sq mi426.8
    Population density rank71st
    Gdp ppp$377.949 billion
    Gdp ppp year2010
    Gdp ppp per capita$2,422
    Gdp nominal$216.803 billion
    Gdp nominal year2010
    Gdp nominal per capita$1,389
    Hdi 0.423
    Hdi rank142nd
    Hdi year2010
    Hdi categorylow
    Fsi95.6 1.2
    Fsi year2007
    Fsi rank17th
    Fsi categoryAlert
    Gini43.7
    Gini year2003
    Gini categorymedium
    CurrencyNaira (?)
    Currency codeNGN
    Country codeNGA
    Time zoneWAT
    Utc offset+1
    Time zone dstnot observed
    Utc offset dst+1
    DemonymNigerian
    Sovereignty typeIndependence
    Sovereignty notefrom the United Kingdom
    Established event1Unification of Southern and Northern Nigeria
    Established date11914
    Established event2Declared and recognized
    Established date21 October 1960
    Established event3Republic declared
    Established date31 October 1963
    Drives onright
    Cctld.ng
    Calling code+234
    Footnotes1The GDP estimate is as of 2009; the total and per capita ranks are also based on 2009 number.

    2English language is the official language of Nigeria, but is the second most spoken language in all states of the federation after regional and local indigenous languages }}

    Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.

    The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BCE. The area around the Benue and Cross River is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BCE and the 2nd millennium.

    The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was coined by Flora Shaw, the future wife of Baron Lugard, a British colonial administrator, in the late 19th century.

    Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, the seventh most populous country in the world, and the most populous country in the world in which the majority of the population is black. It is listed among the "Next Eleven" economies, and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The economy of Nigeria is one of the fastest growing in the world, with the International Monetary Fund projecting a growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects a 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011.

    History

    Early history

    The Nok people of central Nigeria produced the earliest terracotta sculptures found in the country. A Nok sculpture resident at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts portrays a sitting dignitary wearing a "Shepherds Crook" on the right arm and a "hinged flail" on the left. These are symbols of authority associated with ancient Egyptian pharaohs and the god Osiris and suggests that an ancient Egyptian style of social structure, and perhaps religion, existed in the area of modern Nigeria during the late Pharonic period.

    In the northern part of the country, Kano and Katsina has recorded history dating back to around 999. Hausa kingdoms and the Kanem-Bornu Empire prospered as trade posts between North and West Africa. At the beginning of the 19th century under Usman dan Fodio the Fulani led the centralized Fulani Empire which continued until 1903 when the Fulani population and land were divided into various European colonies. Between 1750 and 1900, between one to two-thirds of the population of the Fulani jihad states consisted of slaves.

    The Yoruba kingdoms of If? and Oyo in southwestern Nigeria became prominent in the 12th and 14th century respectively. However, Yoruba mythology states that Ile-Ife is the source of the human race and that it pre-dates any other civilization, although the oldest signs of human settlement dates back to the ninth century. If? produced terracotta and bronze figures, and ?y? once extended from western Nigeria to Togo. The Kingdom of Benin is located in southwestern Nigeria. Benin's power lasted between the 15th and 19th century. Their dominance reached as far as the city of Eko (an Edo name later changed to Lagos by the Portuguese) and further.

    The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people started in the 10th century until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911. It is the oldest kingdom in Nigeria. Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure Eri. The oldest pieces of bronzes made out of the lost-wax process in West Africa were from Igbo Ukwu, a city under Nri influence.

    Colonial era

    Spaniard and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin trade in Nigeria in the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. The Europeans traded with the ethnicities of the coast and also negotiated a trade in slaves, to the detriment and profit of many Nigerian ethnicities. Consequently many of the citizens of the former slave nations of the British Empire are descended from a Nigerian ethnic group. Britain abolished its slave trade in 1807 and, following the Napoleonic Wars, established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves.

    In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition, and in the following year the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On January 1, 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. Many wars against subjugation had been fought by the states of what later became Nigeria against the British Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Notably of those were the British Conquest of Benin in 1897 and the Anglo-Aro War from 1901?1902. The restraint or complete destruction of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule.

    In 1914, the Niger area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the northern and southern provinces and Lagos Colony. Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. Slavery was not finally outlawed in northern Nigeria until 1936.

    Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa.

    Post-independence

    On October 1, 1960, Nigeria gained its independence from the United Kingdom. Newly independent, Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe, who became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. Forming the opposition was the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnicities, the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners'), were sharp.

    An imbalance was created in the polity by the result of the 1961 plebiscite. Southern Cameroon opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while northern Cameroon chose to remain in Nigeria. The northern part of the country was now far larger than the southern part. The nation parted with its British legacy in 1963 by declaring itself a Federal Republic, with Azikiwe as its first president. When elections came about in 1965, the AG was outmanoeuvred for control of Nigeria's Western Region by the Nigerian National Democratic Party.

    Nigerian-Biafran War

    The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led in 1966 to several back-to-back military coups. The first was in January and led by a collection of young leftists under Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. It was partially successful; the coup plotters murdered Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Belloof of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. Despite this, they could not set up a central government. President Nwafor Orizu was then pressured to hand over government to the Nigeria Army, under the command of General JTU Aguyi-Ironsi.

    The coup was counter-acted by another successful plot, supported primarily by Northern military officers and Northerners who favoured the NPC, it was engineered by Northern officers, which allowed Lt Colonel Yakubu Gowon to become head of state. This sequence of events led to an increase in ethnic tension and violence. The Northern coup, which was mostly motivated by ethnic and religious reasons was a bloodbath of both military officers and civilians, especially those of Igbo extraction.

    The violence against the Igbo increased their desire for autonomy and protection from the military's wrath. By May 1967, the Eastern Region had declared itself an independent state called the Republic of Biafra under the leadership of Lt Colonel Emeka Ojukwu in line with the wishes of the people. The Nigerian Civil War began as the Nigerian (Western and Northern) side attacked Biafra (South-eastern) on July 6, 1967 at Garkem signalling the beginning of the 30?month war that ended in January 1970. Estimates in the former Eastern Region of the number of dead from hostilities, disease, and starvation during the thirty-month civil war are estimated at between 1 million and 3 million.

    Military era

    During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC, and billions of dollars generated by production in the oil-rich Niger Delta flowed into the coffers of the Nigerian state. The northern military clique benefited from the oil boom to the detriment of the Nigerian people and economy. As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subventions to states and precariously to individuals, the federal government soon became the centre of political struggle and the centre became the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government created a dangerous situation as it became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns eschewing economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria.

    Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government was viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society, so when the regime was overthrown by the military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984, it was generally viewed as a positive development by most of the population. Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor, and his regime was overthrown by yet another military coup in 1985.

    The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, promptly declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council and also set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He also inflamed religious tensions in the nation and particularly the south by enrolling Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference.

    After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. When free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, Babangida declared that the results showing a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola null and void, sparking mass civilian violence in protest which effectively shut down the country for weeks and forced Babangida to keep his promise to relinquish office to a civilian run government. Babangida's regime is adjudged to be at the apogee of corruption in the history of the nation as it was during his time that corruption became officially diluted in Nigeria.

    Babangida's caretaker regime headed by Ernest Shonekan survived only until late 1993 when General Sani Abacha took power in another military coup. Abacha proved to be perhaps Nigeria's most brutal ruler and employed violence on a wide scale to suppress the continuing civilian unrest. Money had been found in various western European banks traced to him. He avoided coup plots by bribing army generals. Several hundred million dollars in accounts traced to him were discovered in 1999. The regime came to an end in 1998 when the dictator was found dead amid dubious circumstances. Abacha's death yielded an opportunity for return to civilian rule.

    Recent history

    Nigeria re-achieved democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria ending almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999) excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'?tat and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966-1979 and 1983-1998. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.

    Umaru Yar'Adua of the People's Democratic Party came into power in the general election of 2007 ? an election that was witnessed and condemned by the international community as being severely flawed.

    Ethnic violence over the oil producing Niger Delta region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the current issues in the country.

    Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010. Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May 2010, becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State, while his vice,a former Kaduna state governor, Namadi Sambo, an architect,was chosen on 18 May 2010,by the National Assembly following President Goodluck Jonathan's nomination for Sambo to be his Vice President.

    Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till April 16, 2011,when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Goodluck Jonathan of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) was declared the winner on 19 April 2011,having won the election by a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the The Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud in contrast to previous elections.

    Government and politics

    Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the president and with overtones of the Westminster System model in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The current president of Nigeria is Goodluck Jonathan, who succeeded Umaru Musa Yar'Adua to the office in 2010. The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive and is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two four-year terms.

    The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives, which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly. The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats and the number of seats per state is determined by population.

    Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have played a visible role in Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics and has spurned various attempts by tribalists to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft.

    Because of the above issues, Nigeria's current political parties are pan-national and irreligious in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The major political parties at present include the ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition All Nigeria People's Party under the leadership of Muhammadu Buhari has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate (26.6% and 24.7%). There are also about twenty other minor opposition parties registered. The immediate past president, Olusegun Obasanjo, acknowledged fraud and other electoral "lapses" but said the result reflected opinion polls. In a national television address he added that if Nigerians did not like the victory of his handpicked successor they would have an opportunity to vote again in four years.

    Like in many other African societies, prebendalism and extremely excessive corruption continue to constitute major challenges to Nigeria, as vote rigging and other means of coercion are practised by all major parties in order to remain competitive. In 1983, it was adjudged by the policy institute at Kuru that only the 1959 and 1979 elections witnessed minimal rigging.

    Law

    There are four distinct systems of law in Nigeria:
  • English law which is derived from its colonial past with Britain;
  • Common law, a development of its post colonial independence;
  • Customary law which is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practice, including the dispute resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yorubaland secret societies and the ?kp? and Ok?nk? of Igboland and Ibibioland;
  • Sharia law, used only in the predominantly Muslim north of the country. It is an Islamic legal system which had been used long before the colonial administration in Nigeria but recently politicised and spearheaded in Zamfara in late 1999 and eleven other states followed suit. These states are Kano, Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe, and Kebbi.

    The country has a judicial branch, the highest court of which is the Supreme Court of Nigeria.

    Foreign relations

    Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria made the liberation and restoration of the dignity of Africa the centrepiece of its foreign policy and played a leading role in the fight against the apartheid regime in South Africa. One notable exception to the African focus of Nigeria's foreign policy was the close relationship the country enjoyed with Israel throughout the 1960s, with the latter country sponsoring and overseeing the construction of Nigeria's parliament buildings.

    Nigeria's foreign policy was soon tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war and quickly committed itself to the liberation struggles going on in the Southern Africa sub-region. Though Nigeria never sent an expeditionary force in that struggle, it offered more than rhetoric to the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the racist regime and their incursions in southern Africa, in addition to expediting large sums to aid anti-colonial struggles. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for ECOWAS and ECOMOG, economic and military organizations respectively.

    With this African-centred stance, Nigeria readily sent troops to the Congo at the behest of the United Nations shortly after independence (and has maintained membership since that time); Nigeria also supported several Pan African and pro-self government causes in the 1970s, including garnering support for Angola's MPLA, SWAPO in Namibia, and aiding anti-colonial struggles in Mozambique, and Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia) military and economically.

    Nigeria retains membership in the Non-Aligned Movement, and in late November 2006 organized an Africa-South America Summit in Abuja to promote what some attendees termed "South-South" linkages on a variety of fronts. Nigeria is also a member of the International Criminal Court, and the Commonwealth of Nations, from which it was temporarily expelled in 1995 under the Abacha regime.

    Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s, and maintains membership in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC which it joined in July, 1971. Its status as a major petroleum producer figures prominently in its sometimes vicissitudinous international relations with both developed countries, notably the United States and more recently China and developing countries, notably Ghana, Jamaica and Kenya.

    Millions of Nigerians have emigrated at times of economic hardship to Europe, North America and Australia among others. It is estimated that over a million Nigerians have emigrated to the United States and constitute the Nigerian American populace. Of such Diasporic communities include the "Egbe Omo Yoruba" society.

    Military

    The Nigerian Military are charged with protecting The Federal Republic of Nigeria, promoting Nigeria's global security interests, and supporting peacekeeping efforts especially in West Africa.

    The Nigerian Military consist of an Army, a Navy and an Air Force. The military in Nigeria have played a major role in the country's history since independence. Various juntas have seized control of the country and ruled it through most of its history. Its last period of rule ended in 1999 following the sudden death of former dictator Sani Abacha in 1998, with his successor, Abdulsalam Abubakar, handing over power to the democratically elected government of Olusegun Obasanjo in 1999.

    Taking advantage of its role as Africa's most populated country, Nigeria has repositioned its military as an African peacekeeping force. Since 1995, the Nigerian military through ECOMOG mandates have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997?1999), Sierra Leone 1997?1999, and presently in Sudan's Darfur region under an African Union mandate.

    Geography

    thumb|250px|Left|Obudu Plateau with cattle in the foreground Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of , making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of California. It shares a border with Benin (773?km), Niger (1497?km), Chad (87?km), Cameroon (1690?km), and has a coastline of at least 853?km. Nigeria lies between latitudes 4? and 14?N, and longitudes 2? and 15?E.

    The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at . The main rivers are the Niger and the Benue River which converge and empty into the Niger Delta, one of the world's largest river deltas and the location of a large area of Central African Mangroves.

    Nigeria is also an important center for biodiversity. It is widely believed that the areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The drill monkey is only found in the wild in Southeast Nigeria and neighbouring Cameroon.

    Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is a year. In the southeast stand the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as salt water swamp, also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest.

    Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue River valleys (which merge into each other and form a "y" shape). To the southwest of the Niger there is "rugged" highland, and to the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains which forms the Mambilla Plateau,the highest Plateau in Nigeria.This plateau extends to the border with Cameroon, this montane land is part of the Bamenda Highlands in Cameroon. The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity including the drill monkey which is only found in the wild in this area and across the border in Cameroon. It is widely believed that the areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has seen its forest more or less disappear to be replaced by grassland (see Cross-Niger transition forests).

    Everything in between the far south and the far north, is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees), and rainfall is between per year. The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees and the most common across the country: Sudan savannah, similar but with "shorter grasses and shorter trees; and Sahel savannah, comprised patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. To the north is the Sahel with its almost desert-like climate, where rain is less than per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon.

    Environmental issues

    Nigeria's Delta region, home of the large oil industry, experiences serious oil spills and other environmental problems. See Environmental issues in the Niger Delta for more details, and Conflict in the Niger Delta about strife which has arisen in connection with those issues.

    Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria.

    Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste.

    Haphazard industrial planning, increased urbanization, poverty and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in major Nigerian cities. Some of the 'solutions' have been disastrous to the environment, resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute waterways and groundwater.

    In terms of global warming, Africans contribute only about one metric ton of carbon dioxide per person per year. It is perceived by many climate change experts that food production and security in the northern sahel region of the country will suffer as semi-arid areas will have more dry periods in the future.

    Subdivisions

    Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government.

    Nigeria has six cities with a population of over 1?million people (from largest to smallest: Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Kaduna, Port Harcourt, and Benin City). Lagos is the largest city in sub-Saharan Africa, with a population of over 8?million in its urban area alone. Population of Nigeria's cities over a million are listed below

    Population of major cities

    {|class="wikitable" |- !City!!Population |- | Lagos ||7,937,932 |- | Kano ||3,848,885 |- | Ibadan ||3,078,400 |- | Kaduna ||1,652,844 |- | Port Harcourt ||1,320,214 |- | Benin City ||1,051,600 |- | Maiduguri ||1,044,497 |- | Zaria ||1,018,827 |} However, these figures are regularly disputed in Nigeria.

    Economy

    Nigeria is classified as a mixed economy emerging market, and has already reached middle income status according to the Worldbank, with its abundant supply of natural resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, transport sectors and stock exchange (the Nigerian Stock Exchange), which is the second largest in Africa. Nigeria is ranked 37th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) as of 2007. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the U.S. of any country worldwide. Nigeria is currently the 50th-largest export market for U.S. goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the U.S. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor.

    February 2011: According to Citigroup, Nigeria will get the highest average GDP growth in the world between 2010?2050. Nigeria is one of two countries from Africa among 11 Global Growth Generators countries.

    Previously, economic development had been hindered by years of military rule, corruption, and mismanagement. The restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reforms have successfully put Nigeria back on track towards achieving its full economic potential. It is now the second largest economy in Africa (following South Africa), and the largest economy in the West Africa Region.

    During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria accumulated a significant foreign debt to finance major infrastructural investments. With the fall of oil prices during the 1980s oil glut Nigeria struggled to keep up with its loan payments and eventually defaulted on its principal debt repayments, limiting repayment to the interest portion of the loans. Arrears and penalty interest accumulated on the unpaid principal which increased the size of the debt.

    However, after negotiations by the Nigeria authorities, in October 2005 Nigeria and its Paris Club creditors reached an agreement in which Nigeria repurchased its debt at a discount of approximately 60%. Nigeria used part of its oil profits to pay the residual 40%, freeing up at least $1.15?billion annually for poverty reduction programmes. Nigeria made history in April 2006 by becoming the first African Country to completely pay off its debt (estimated $30?billion) owed to the Paris Club.

    Key sectors

    Nigeria is the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world and the 8th largest exporter, and has the 10th largest proven reserves. (The country joined OPEC in 1971). Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy, accounting for 40% of GDP and 80% of Government earnings. However, agitation for better resource control in the Niger Delta, its main oil producing region, has led to disruptions in oil production and currently prevents the country from exporting at 100% capacity.

    Nigeria has one of the fastest growing telecommunications markets in the world, major emerging market operators (like MTN, Etisalat, Zain and Globacom) basing their largest and most profitable centres in the country. The government has recently begun expanding this infrastructure to space based communications. Nigeria has a space satellite which is monitored at the Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency Headquarters in Abuja.

    The country has a highly developed financial services sector, with a mix of local and international banks, asset management companies, brokerage houses, insurance companies and brokers, private equity funds and investment banks.

    Nigeria also has a wide array of underexploited mineral resources which include natural gas, coal, bauxite, tantalite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, niobium, lead and zinc. Despite huge deposits of these natural resources, the mining industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy.

    Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria. At one time, Nigeria was the world's largest exporter of groundnuts, cocoa, and palm oil and a significant producer of coconuts, citrus fruits, maize, pearl millet, cassava, yams and sugar cane. About 60% of Nigerians work in the agricultural sector, and Nigeria has vast areas of underutilized arable land.

    It also has a manufacturing industry which includes leather and textiles (centred Kano, Abeokuta, Onitsha, and Lagos), car manufacturing (for the French car manufacturer Peugeot as well as for the English truck manufacturer Bedford, now a subsidiary of General Motors), t-shirts, plastics and processed food.

    The country has recently made considerable amount of revenue from home made Nigerian Movies which are sold locally and Internationally. These movies are popular in other African countries and among African immigrants in Europe.

    Science and technology

    Three satellites have been launched by the Nigerian government into space. The Nigeriasat-1 was the first satellite to be built under the Nigerian government sponsorship. The satellite was launched from Russia on 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat-1 was part of the world-wide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System. The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat-1 were:
  • To give early warning signals of environmental disaster.
  • To help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria.
  • To assist in demographic planning.
  • To establish the relationship between malaria vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology.
  • To provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning.
  • To aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders.
  • NigeriaSat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited, a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company. It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32-metre multispectral (medium resolution, NIR red, green and red bands) antennas, with a ground receiving station in Abuja. The NigeriaSat-2 spacecraft alone was built at a cost of over ?35 million. This satellite was launched into orbit from a military base in China.

    NigComSat-1, a Nigerian satellite built in 2004, was Nigeria's third satellite and Africa's first communication satellite. It was launched on 13 May 2007, aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket, from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China. The spacecraft was operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Agency, NASRDA. On November 11, 2008, NigComSat-1 failed in orbit after running out of power due to an anomaly in its solar array.

    It was based on the Chinese DFH-4 satellite bus, and carries a variety of transponders:

  • 4 C-band
  • 14 Ku-band
  • 8 Ka-band
  • 2 L-band
  • It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa, and the Ka-band transponders would also cover Italy.

    On 10 November 2008 (0900 GMT), the satellite was reportedly switched off for analysis and to avoid a possible collision with other satellites. According to Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, it was put into "emergency mode operation in order to effect mitigation and repairs". The satellite eventually failed after losing power on 11 November 2008.

    On March 24, 2009, the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed a further contract for the in-orbit delivery of the NigComSat-1R satellite. NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite, and is expected to be delivered in the fourth quarter of 2011 as a replacement for the failed NigComSat-1.

    Demographics

    Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa but exactly how populous is a subject of speculation. The United Nations estimates that the population in 2009 was at 154,729,000, distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometer. National census results in the past few decades have been disputed. The results of the most recent census were released in December 2006 and gave a population of 140,003,542. The only breakdown available was by gender: males numbered 71,709,859, females numbered 68,293,08.

    According to the United Nations, Nigeria has been undergoing explosive population growth and one of the highest growth and fertility rates in the world. By their projections, Nigeria is one of eight countries expected to account collectively for half of the world's total population increase from 2005?2050. By 2100 the UN estimates that the Nigerian population will be no less than 730 million. In 1950, Nigeria had only 33 million people.

    According to current data, one out of every four Africans is Nigerian. Presently, Nigeria is the seventh most populous country in the world, and even conservative estimates conclude that more than 20% of the world's black population lives in Nigeria. 2006 estimates claim 42.3% of the population is between 0?14 years of age, while 54.6% is between 15?65; the birth rate is significantly higher than the death rate, at 40.4 and 16.9 per 1000?people respectively.

    Health, health care, and general living conditions in Nigeria are poor. Life expectancy is 47 years (average male/female) and just over half the population has access to potable water and appropriate sanitation; the percentage is of children under five has gone up rather than down between 1990 and 2003 and infant mortality is 97.1 deaths per 1000 live births. HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as Kenya or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. In 2003, the HIV prevalence rate among 20 to 29 year-olds was 5.6%. Nigeria suffers from periodic outbreaks of cholera, malaria, and sleeping sickness. It is the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio, which it periodically exports to other African countries. A 2004 vaccination drive, spearheaded by the W.H.O. to combat polio and malaria, met with some opposition in the north, but polio was cut 98% between 2009 and 2010.

    Education is in a state of neglect. After the 1970s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so that it would reach every subregion of Nigeria. Education is provided free by the government, but the attendance rate for secondary education is only 29% (32% for males, 27% for females). The education system has been described as "dysfunctional" largely because of decaying institutional infrastructure. 68% of the population is literate, and the rate for men (75.7%) is higher than that for women (60.6%).

    Nigeria's largest city is Lagos. Lagos has grown from about 300,000 in 1950 to an estimated 15 million today, and the Nigerian government estimates that city will have expanded to 25 million residents by 2015.

    Ethno-linguistic groups

    A Hausa harpist Igbo men Yoruba drummers
    Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich ethnic diversity. The largest ethnic groups are the Fulani/Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, accounting for 68% of population,(Quote Source) while the Edo, Ijaw, Kanuri, Ibibio, Ebira Nupe and Tiv comprise 27%; other minorities make up the remaining 7%. The middle belt of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, including the Pyem, Goemai, and Kofyar. The official population count of each of Nigeria's ethnicities has always remained controversial and disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the census is rigged to give a particular group (usually believed to be northern groups) numerical superiority.

    There are small minorities of British, American, East Indian, Chinese (est. 50,000), white Zimbabwean, Japanese, Greek, Syrian and Lebanese immigrants in Nigeria. Immigrants also include those from other West African or East African nations. These minorities mostly reside in major cities such as Lagos and Abuja, or in the Niger Delta as employees for the major oil companies. A number of Cubans settled in Nigeria as political refugees following the Cuban Revolution.

    In the middle of the nineteenth century, a number of ex-slaves of Afro-Cuban and Afro-Brazilian descent and emigrants from Sierra Leone established communities in Lagos and other regions of Nigeria. Many ex-slaves came to Nigeria following the emancipation of slaves in the Americas. Many of the immigrants, sometimes called Saros (immigrants from Sierra Leone) and Amaro (ex-slaves from Brazil) later became prominent merchants and missionaries in these cities.

    Language

    The number of languages currently estimated and catalogued in Nigeria is 521. This number includes 510 living languages, two second languages without native speakers and nine extinct languages. In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language. The official language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country. The choice of English as the official language was partially related to the fact that a part of the Nigerian population spoke English as a result of British colonization that ended in 1960.

    The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of African languages ? the majority are Niger?Congo languages, such as Yoruba, Igbo, the Hausa language is Afro-Asiatic; and Kanuri, spoken in the northeast, primarily Borno State, is a member of the Nilo-Saharan family. Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English, being the official language, is widely used for education, business transactions and for official purposes. English as a first language, however, remains an exclusive preserve of a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardized languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as 'Pidgin' or 'Broken' (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions, predominately in Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Agenebode, Ewu, and Benin City.

    Culture

    Literature

    thumb|Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is Nigeria's most popular and best selling literary piece ever, translated into over 40 languages Nigerian citizens have authored many influential works of post-colonial literature in the English language. Nigeria's best-known writers are Wole Soyinka, the first African Nobel Laureate in Literature, and Chinua Achebe, best known for the novel, Things Fall Apart and his controversial critique of Joseph Conrad. Other Nigerian writers and poets who are well known internationally include John Pepper Clark, Ben Okri, Cyprian Ekwensi, Buchi Emecheta, Helon Habila, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and Ken Saro Wiwa, who was executed in 1995 by the military regime. Nigeria has the second largest newspaper market in Africa (after Egypt) with an estimated circulation of several million copies daily in 2003.

    Music and film

    Nigeria has a role in the development of West African highlife, afrobeat, and palm-wine music, which fuses native rhythms with techniques imported from the Congo, Brazil, Cuba, and elsewhere.

    Many late 20th century musicians such as Fela Kuti have famously fused cultural elements of various indigenous music with American Jazz and Soul to form Afrobeat. JuJu music which is percussion music fused with traditional music from the Yoruba nation and made famous by King Sunny Ad?, is also from Nigeria. There is also fuji music, a Yoruba percussion style, created and popularized by Mr. Fuji, Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister. The is also the Afan Music invented and popularized by the Ewuborn poet and musician Umuobuarie Igberaese.

    There is a budding hip hop movement in Nigeria. Kennis Music, the self-proclaimed number-one record label in Africa, and one of Nigeria's biggest record labels, has a roster almost entirely dominated by hip hop artists.

    Some famous musicians that come from Nigeria are Fela Kuti, Dele Sosimi, Adewale Ayuba, Ezebuiro Obinna, Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister, King Sunny Ad?, Ebenezer Obey, Umobuarie Igberaese, Femi Kuti, Lagbaja, Dr. Alban, Sade Adu, Wasiu Alabi, Bola Abimbola,Zaki Adze, Tuface Idibia, D Banj and P Square.

    In November 2008, Nigeria's music scene (and that of Africa) received international attention when MTV hosted the continent's first African music awards show in Abuja.

    The Nigerian video-film industry is known as Nollywood, which is now the second-largest producer of movies in the world. Many of the film studios are based in Lagos and Enugu, and the industry is now a very lucrative income for these cities.

    T.B. Joshua's Emmanuel TV, originating from Nigeria, is also one of the most viewed television stations across Africa.

    Religion

    Nigeria is home to a variety of religions which tend to vary regionally. This situation accentuates regional and ethnic distinctions and has often been seen as a source of sectarian conflict amongst the population. Even though, Nigeria is apparently divided equally between Islam and Christianity between north and south, it is evident that across Nigeria there is widespread belief, albeit suppressed for political reasons, in traditional religious practices.

    Based on a 2009 World Religious survey (Mapping out the Global Muslim Population) 50.4% of Nigeria's population were Muslims, 48.2% were Christian (15% Protestant, 13.7% Catholic, and 19.6% other Christian), and followers of other religions were 1.4%. The core north is largely Muslim, there are large numbers of both Muslims and Christians in the Middle Belt, including the Federal Capital Territory. In the west of the country, especially in the Yorubaland, the population is said to be evenly divided between Muslims and Christians, while in the southeastern regions are predominantly Christians with widespread traditional beliefs, Catholics, Anglicans, and Methodists are the majority with few traditional beliefs, while the Niger Delta region is mainly Christian.

    The majority of Nigerian Muslims are Sunni, but a significant Shia and Sufi minority exists (see Shia in Nigeria) and a small minority of Ahmadiyya. Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy. Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution.

    Christian Nigerians are about evenly split between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. Leading Protestant churches are the Church of Nigeria, of the Anglican communion, Assemblies of God Church, Nigeria, Redeemed Christian Church of God, the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations. The Yoruba area contains a large Anglican population, while Igboland is predominantly Catholic and the Edo area is predominantly Assemblies of God which was introduced into Nigeria by Gabrial Ojemekele Oyakhilome and his associates at Enugu.

    Across Yorubaland in the west many people are adherents to Yorubo/Irunmole spirituality with its philosophy of divine destiny that all can become Orisha (ori, spiritual head; sha, is chosen: to be one with Olodumare (oni odu, the God source of all energy; ma re, enlighthens / triumphs). Across Nigeria, there is a growing tendency to abandon Christianity and Islam in favour of traditional religions.

    Other minority religious and spiritual groups in Nigeria include Hinduism, Judaism, The Bah??? Faith, and Chrislam (a syncretic faith melding elements of Christianity and Islam). Further, Nigeria has become an African hub for the Grail Movement and the Hare Krishnas.

    Cuisine

    Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. Many different spices, herbs and flavourings are used in conjunction with palm oil or groundnut oil to create deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with chili peppers. Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied.

    Sport

    Football is Nigeria's national sport and the country has its own Premier League of football. Nigeria's national football team, known as the Super Eagles, has made the World Cup on four occasions 1994, 1998, 2002, and most recently in 2010. They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980 and 1994, and also hosted the Junior World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics (in which they beat Argentina).

    The nation's cadet team to Japan '93 produced some international players notably Nwankwo Kanu, a two-time African Footballer of the year who won the European Champions League with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with Inter Milan (Italy), Arsenal FC (London, UK), West Bromwich Albion (UK) and Portsmouth F.C. (UK). Other players that graduated from the Junior teams are Celestine Babayaro (of Newcastle United, UK), Wilson Oruma and Taye Taiwo (of Marseille, France).

    According to the official May 2010 FIFA World Rankings, Nigeria was the second top-ranked football nation in Africa and the 21st highest in the world. Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket and track and field. Boxing is also an important sport in Nigeria; Dick Tiger and Samuel Peter are both former World Champions.

    Societal issues

    Despite its vast government revenue from the mining of petroleum, Nigeria is faced by a number of societal issues due primarily to a history of inefficiency in its governance.

    Human rights

    Nigeria's human rights record remains poor and government officials at all levels continue to commit serious abuses.

    According to the U.S. Department of State, the most significant human rights problems are: extrajudicial killings and use of excessive force by security forces; impunity for abuses by security forces; arbitrary arrests; prolonged pretrial detention; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary; rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life?threatening prison and detention center conditions; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labor; societal violence and vigilante killings; child labor, child abuse and child sexual exploitation; female genital mutilation (FGM); domestic violence; discrimination based on sex, ethnicity, region and religion; restrictions on freedom of assembly, movement, press, speech and religion; infringement of privacy rights; and the abridgement of the right of citizens to change the government.

    Under the Shari'a penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states, offenses such as alcohol consumption, homosexuality, infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences, including amputation, lashing, stoning and long prison terms.

    Strife and sectarian violence

    Because of its multitude of diverse, sometimes competing ethno-linguistic groups, Nigeria prior to independence has been faced with sectarian tensions and violence. This is particularly a major issue in the oil-producing Niger Delta region, where both state and civilian forces employ varying methods of coercion in attempts gain control over regional petroleum resources. Some of the ethnic groups like the Ogoni, have experienced severe environmental degradation due to petroleum extraction.

    Since the end of the civil war in 1970, some ethnic violence has persisted. There has subsequently been a period of relative harmony since the Federal Government introduced tough new measures against religious violence in all affected parts of the country.

    In 2002, organizers of the Miss World Pageant were forced to move the pageant from the Nigerian capital, Abuja, to London in the wake of violent protests in the Northern part of the country that left more than 100?people dead and over 500 injured. The rioting erupted after Muslims in the country reacted in anger to comments made by a newspaper reporter. Rioters in Kaduna killed an estimated 105 men, women, and children with a further 521 injured taken to hospital.

    Health issues

    Nigeria has been reorganizing its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987 formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees. The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.

    The Nigerian health care system is continuously faced with a shortage of doctors known as 'brain drain' due to the fact that many highly skilled Nigerian doctors emigrate to North America and Europe. In 1995, it was estimated that 21,000 Nigerian doctors were practicing in the United States alone, which about the same as the number of doctors working in the Nigerian public service. Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as one of the goals of the government.

    Education

    Nigeria provides free, government-supported education, but attendance is not compulsory at any level, and certain groups, such as nomads and the handicapped, are under-served. The education system consists of six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four years of university education leading to a bachelor?s degree. The rate of secondary school attendance is 32% for males and 27% for females. In 2004 the Nigerian National Planning Commission described the country?s education system as ?dysfunctional.? Reasons for this characterization included decaying institutions and ill-prepared graduates.

    Crime

    Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organized crime, active especially in drug trafficking. Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking, shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa. . The various Nigerian Confraternities or "campus cults" are active in both organized crime and in political violence as well as providing a network of corruption within Nigeria. As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, fo

    Source: http://article.wn.com/view/2011/12/24/Shells_Nigeria_oil_spill_gets_muted_response/

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